Nicotiflorin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties against cerebral ischaemia [69],while isoquercetin is currently under clinical investigation as an antithrombotic in certain cancer patients (NCT02195232).The mode of action of polyphenols is through the activation of several signalling pathways including NF-κB, and MAPK p38/JNK which exerts antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects [70]. Here, MAPK8 is linked to cancer.