PDCD1 and malaria: In chronic malarial infections, the combined blockade of PDL1 and LAG-3coinhibitory molecules with antibodies accelerates the clearance of non-lethal blood-stage malaria parasites (P. yoelii) by improving CD4+ T cell functions and increasing protective antibody titers (18); moreover, Pdcd1−/− C57BL/6 mice rapidly and completely clear non-lethal malaria parasites (P. chabaudi), in contrast to WT mice (19).