Aside from the previously mentioned type I interferons, RT has been shown to induce immune cells within the tumor including TAMs and CD8+ T cells and NK cells and others to produce inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (70), interleukin-1 (71), interleukin-6 (72, 73), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) (3, 74), macrophage colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1, M-CSF) (75), and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (76, 77). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.