Interestingly, ZIKV infection did not appear to be markedly cytotoxic or inflammatory based on a lack of obvious damage to the VEC multilayers and no change in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels including IL-8 and IL1β that are commonly upregulated in inflamed vaginal samples (Thurman et al., 2015; Passmore et al., 2016). Here, IL1B is linked to Zika virus infectious disease.