Second, lower expression levels of TRAF3 in duodenal mucosa and gallbladder epithelium of GSD patients (as observed in the present study) could be responsible for increased production of pro-inflammatory factors, such as NF-κB, IL-6 and IL-12B, as well as for decreased activity of anti-inflammatory factors such as type 1 interferon and IL-1044,48–50. The gene discussed is TRAF3; the disease is disorder of glycogen metabolism.