CHI3L1 and colitis: Counterintuitively, an experimental trial employing a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis murine model shows that oral intake of caffeine is safe and even protective in the development of acute colitis; the benefit is likely resulted from the inhibition of Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) in response to proinflammatory cytokines [65].