TGFB1 and cancer: Cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β represent the major players in this intricate process [6] that also involves cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulations [7].