TGFB1 and neoplasm: This model is then used (i) to investigate how TGF-β and IFN-β regulate the balance between N1 and N2 phenotypes by complex mutual interactions, (ii) to investigate how up- or down-regulation of these N1 and N2 phenotypes affect tumor growth and anti-tumor efficacy in the absence and presence of delayed apoptotic cell death mechanisms, and (iii) to develop optimal strategies of the combination therapy with TGF-β inhibitor and IFN-β.