However, considering that the small sample size of 12 GK populations may influence the identification efficiency of diabetes relative genes in GK rat, we integrated the GK SAAC genes, GK PASS region genes, and differentially expressed genes in GK beta cells to reveal genetic mechanism of the impairment in GSIS, decrease in beta cell mass, and the change in insulin action in GK rat as they are the three major features of GK rats. Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.