TNF and hematologic disorder: One study that included LTRs among other solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients and hematological malignancies concluded that IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, IL-23, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) levels in BAL were significantly increased among patients with IPA, with IL-8 being the best marker (Gonçalves et al., 2017).