More recently, somatic mutations of MTOR signaling pathway and other upstream regulators PI3K/Akt, TSC1, TSC2, DEPDC5 have been demonstrated in FCD Type II (Jansen et al., 2015; Lim et al., 2015; Ricos et al., 2016). The gene discussed is DEPDC5; the disease is isolated focal cortical dysplasia type II.