CD274 and melanoma: Additionally, PD-L1 promotes self-renewal and tumorigenicity of malignant melanoma initiating cells (Zheng et al., 2017), as well as embryonic stem cell transcriptional factors octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) and Nanog expression dependent on PI3K/Akt activation and B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog (BMI1) expression in PI3K/Akt independent manner in breast cancer stem cells (Almozyan et al., 2017).