For CKD patients with Hb concentration ≥ 10.0 g/dL, ESA therapy should not be initiated. Upper target limit of 11.5 g/dL. Individualization of therapy will be necessary because some patients may have improvements in QoL at Hb concentrations above 11.5 g/dL and will be prepared to accept the risks. Here, GSTM1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.