VIM and diabetes mellitus: While caffeine intake was devoid of significant effects on the measured glial proteins in control Wistar rats, it prevented T2D-induced increase in the immunoreactivity of both astroglial-specific proteins GFAP (caffeine P = 0.053, diabetes P = 0.026, interaction P = 0.003, Figure 5E) and vimentin (caffeine P = 0.280, diabetes P = 0.108, interaction P = 0.030, Figure 5F).