The multivariate linear regression model based on demonstrated a strong correlation with actual PSA change not only with development set (Fig. 3a) but also training set consists of another 129 HoLEP cases (Fig. 3b, n = 105, after exclusion of 19 follow-up loss, 4 discordances of predicted and actual resection volume and 2 prostate cancer). Here, KLK3 is linked to prostate carcinoma.