INS and Abnormal renal physiology: Clinical studies have shown that elevated CD62E+ EMP levels indicate a hypoglycemic event after insulin induction in diabetes status.28 Increased CD62E+ EMP levels are observed in AF patients after treatment by digoxin, suggesting the use of digitalis in AF is associated endothelial activation.29 Moreover, EMP levels have been shown the potential relationship with worsening renal dysfunction in AF patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), as presented by a significant negative correlation with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and a positive correlation with serum creatinine.30