TNF and neoplasm: At 24 h post-injection, Tnf-α remained elevated in the hippocampus of all LPS-treated groups relative to PBS-treated controls (t53 = 9.0, p > 0.005), but Tnf-α in the hypothalamus was elevated only in the surgical control (U = 19, p < 0.05) and tumor-resect (U = 54, p < 0.05) groups.