LPS treatment significantly increased Tnf-α gene expression in the hippocampus and frontal cortex at 4 h post-injection for all tumor treatment groups relative to PBS controls (p < 0.05 in all cases); in the hypothalamus, Tnf-α was only increased in the surgical control group (U = 14.5, p < 0.005). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is neoplasm.