Overexpression of activators of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway such as Wnt and Dishevelled42,43 and downregulation of antagonists of the pathway such as DKK3 and Wnt inhibitory factor44,45 were identified to be factors contributing to the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in NSCLC. This evidence concerns the gene DKK3 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.