Early during the acute phase of infection (between the first and fourth day after the onset of symptoms), coinciding with the peak of viremia and development of fever, there is an increase of IFN-α and β, inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 [33,67,68,69,70], oxygen and nitrogen reactive species [71], lipid mediators and other soluble factors [72]. Here, TNF is linked to infection.