The combination of the two proteins, expressed as the osteopontin:thrombospondin-1 ratio, was more significant than each individual molecule in primary non-small-cell lung cancer patients, wherein a rise in osteopontin:thrombospondin-1 ratio was associated with a 30% and 40% increased risk of metastasis and death, respectively [23]. Here, SPP1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.