Further study is required to determine whether baseline elevations of the receptors we have identified as upregulated on MDMs from COPD subjects, are also increased in alveolar macrophages, though complement receptor 3 (CR3) and CR4 expression on AM have been shown to have higher baseline expression in subjects with COPD (both current and ex-smokers) as compared to non-smoker controls[35, 40, 41]. The gene discussed is CRIPTOP4; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.