In agreement with our findings some studies reported no effect of MDR1 expression on clinical outcome in AML patients treated with different anticancer drugs (n = 30)18, or in a non-homogenous group of acute leukemias (AML + ALL), although an inverse relationship with 2-year OS was noted in acute leukemias (n = 71)10. This evidence concerns the gene ABCB1 and acute lymphoblastic leukemia.