These were consistent with mRNA profiles reported elsewhere.24 25 Significant changes were also seen in blood samples in HVs after saline and LPS challenge (saline evoked 113 and LPS evoked 185 genes with fold change >1.5, unadjusted p<0.05); the genes altered by LPS were associated with infection biology pathways (Toll-like receptors and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways), whereas those changed by saline did not map to any coherent biological pathways (data not shown). This evidence concerns the gene MTOR and infection.