As a major component of the tumor microenvironment, the ECM regulates many pathways in cancer cells, including TGF-β/bone morphogenic protein (BMP), PI3K/AKT, ERK, c-Jun N terminal kinase (JNK), Src-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Rho-GTPases [20]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.