The plasma levels of HMGB1 have been found to correlate with endothelial activation in AAV patients (as evaluated by plasma sICAM-1 and VEGF), and HMGB1 to amplify neutrophil activation and glomerular endothelial cells injury, by promoting endothelium-neutrophil interactions [48]. Here, HMGB1 is linked to anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis.