IL-6 promotes JAK/STAT3 and consequently PI3K/Akt and MEK/MAPK (169), (Figure 2); these pathways are known to upregulate anti-apoptosis proteins Mcl-1, Bcl-XL and c-Myc in primary MM cells, resulting in cell survival and chemotherapy resistance (170, 171). Here, STAT3 is linked to Miyoshi myopathy.