In contrast, the hypothalamic gliosis in chronic HFD exposure (present study) is likely neurotoxic and has been suggested to participate in the genesis of obesity-associated diabetes since it may cause alterations of food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and metabolism of glucose and fats (Rahman et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.