Importantly, although time-to-first infection did not differ between the high and low-malaria regions (P = 0.35; Fig. 1), the initial level of MSP1-specific antibody was a significant predictor of time-to-first detection of P. falciparum DNA, with those children with higher initial antibody levels showing longer times to detection of P. falciparum infection (HR = 0.77, per each log of MFI increase in MSP1-3D7 antibody binding; 95% CI = [0.63–0.95], P = 0.014 for MSP1-3D7, irrespective of region). The gene discussed is ATAD1; the disease is infection.