TNF and infection: Despite stronger IL6 production in SJL than C57BL/6 macrophages (see above), C57BL/6 primary astrocytes produce higher levels of many cytokines (IL6 and TNFα), chemokines (CCL2 (MCP1), CCL3 (MIP1α), CCL4 (MIP1β), CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL1 (Gro1), and CXCL10 (IP10)), and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) in response to TMEV-BeAn infections or stimulation with IFNγ and TNFα or poly (I:C) compared to SJL. In addition, TMEV-BeAn induces MHC class I molecules more effectively on C57BL/6 than SJL astrocytes, showing an increased ability to present antigens to CD8+ T cells [155].