Moreover, our previous work reported a direct impact of excess Hcy on the blood–retinal barrier (BRB), induced retinal ischemia and neovascularization, increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level in retina [26,27,28], activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress [29], activation of oxidative stress [30] and induced epigenetic modifications [31]. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and retinal ischemia.