KLK3 and neoplasm: These low fouling DNA nanostructured bioplatforms were applied to the determination of nucleic acids (DNAs [77,82,83,84] and miRNAs [79,88,89,90,91,92,93]) proteins (TNF-α [86], thrombin [77], and prostate specific antigen (PSA) [80]) and peptides (pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) peptide [87]) as well as of small molecules (cocaine [78]) in particularly fouling samples such as serum [77,78,80,82,90], PCR products from clinical samples [83], cell lysates [87], and total RNA extracted from cells [88,89], serum [88], and tumor tissues [91,92].