In addition, cancer cell growth and proliferation are also controlled by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR, also known as the mechanistic target of rapamycin and FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1) sensitive mTOR-complex (PI3K-Akt/mTOR) pathway, which has inhibitory roles on the autophagic pathway. Here, MTOR is linked to cancer.