IL1B and Alzheimer disease: IL-1β may contribute to neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) through activation of the p38 MAPK pathway in cortical neurons (Li et al., 2003), and may also contribute to cortical axon developmental disorders and synaptic deficits through activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway in septic neonatal rats (Han et al., 2017).