Both were associated with diabetes in UKB, in line with previous findings.54, 55, 56 However, the penetrance of the HNF4A variant was previously estimated on the basis of a large MODY diabetes cohort to be up to 75% at age 40 years,54 although we estimate the minimum penetrance to be <10% from UKB (Figure 2). This evidence concerns the gene HNF4A and diabetes mellitus.