Aoyagi et al. have reported that overexpression of TGF-β enhances the level of type I and III collagen, and that the mRNA expression of TGF-β, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor A and C, and epidermal growth factor were significantly higher in surgical cancer nodules of pancreatic cancer patients [86]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and familial pancreatic carcinoma.