TGFB1 and neoplasm: Recently other and our studies demonstrated that GC can directly promote tumor cell survival, proliferation and metastasis by regulating gene expression and activating multiple trans-membrane signalling pathways, such as PI-3 K-AKT pathway [15, 18], TGFβ pathway [17], NF-κB-IL-6 pathway and JNK/AP-1 pathway [17].