TNF and infection: Although the mucus related parameter that was most affected differed between the pathogens, at least one mucus related parameter that was clearly improved by IL-4 treatment in each infection: in C. rodentium infected IFN-γ and TNF-α treated membranes the AB/PAS score increased by 50% (p < 0.05, Figure 4(a)), in EPEC infected ones the AB/PAS score doubled (p < 0.05, Figure 4(a)) and the intensity of the MUC2/MUC5AC stain increased 10-fold (p < 0.05, Figure 4(c)).