TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In the diabetic hearts of type 2 diabetes patients, elevated inflammatory cytokines, such as IL6, TNF-α, cell adhesion molecules, including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and acute phase reactants, such as C-reactive protein and other inflammatory markers, have been verified [39, 40].