This study also documented that glands from CF mice did not secrete when they were exposed to chili oil, a treatment that produces secretion through stimulation of sensory nerves and the release of tachykinins, such as substance P. Additionally, it was demonstrated for the first time, that on tracheal SMGs of Cftr-/- mice, the substance P-stimulated fluid secretion requires CFTR (Ianowski et al., 2007). This evidence concerns the gene CFTR and cystic fibrosis.