Alterations of junctional complexes of the BBB as visualized by disrupted immunostainings for tight and adherens junction proteins, including JAM-A, JAM-B, occludin, ZO-1, claudin-5, claudin-3 and β-catenin have been shown to be intimately associated with BBB dysfunction in MS and EAE23–25,45,46. This evidence concerns the gene F11R and myeloid sarcoma.