Participants with DKD had older age, longer duration of diabetes, higher proportion of using insulin, having comorbid hypertension, CAD, stroke, DR, higher levels of BMI, SBP, HbA1c, TG, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, and lower level of eGFR than those without DKD (P < 0.05, Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.