NES and infection: Coffey et al.,[33] found reduced NPCs (Nestin/ Sox2+) in the dentate gyrus of late gestation fetal rhesus who were exposed to a combined simultaneous intra-amniotic and subcutaneous route of infection Interestingly, Martinot et al.,[34] reported an apparent increase in NPCs in the prefrontal cortex, frontal cortex and basal ganglia and increased apoptosis of NPC’s in the SVZ in rhesus monkeys examined at birth that were infected either early or mid-gestation.