Importantly, mounting evidence indicates that STAT-3 activation contributes to proliferation and oncogenesis by modulating the expression of a variety of genes required for tumor cell survival, proliferation and angiogenesis, as well as invasion and metastasis [43] but STAT-3 inhibition leads to suppression of the growth of numerous cancers in vitro and in vivo [29,44,45]. This evidence concerns the gene STAT3 and cancer.