In 2008, Ter Horst and colleagues [16] made 5 recommendations for the management of VL and HIV co-infected patients in Ethiopia: (i) ART should be provided to all HIV positive individuals; (ii) VL should be an AIDS-defining illness and a valid entry point to ART, irrespective of CD4 count, to reduce the chance of relapse; (iii) secondary prophylaxis is necessary when the risk of relapse is high; (iv) parasitological clearance is a crucial end point for VL treatment; and (v) combination therapy can minimize the risk of developing resistance. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is AIDS.