Moreover, the evaluation of cytokine expression of TGF-β1signaling pathways by Western Blotting assays has not been sufficiently described.In order to determine the roles of TGF-β as a potential biomarker of ADdevelopment, a prospective study was designed to assess the expression ofTGF-β in the aortic tissues of AD patients in comparison to that of patientswith coronary artery disease (CAD) receiving coronary artery bypass grafting. This evidence concerns the gene PPIB and coronary artery disorder.