PPARG and cancer: In bladder cancer, the fourth most frequent cancer in men in industrialized countries, PPARG focal amplifications, resulting in PPARγ and PPARγ target genes overexpression were observed in 12–17% of the muscle-invasive bladder carcinomas (MIBC) and in 10% of the non-muscle-invasive bladder carcinomas (NMIBCs)7,9.