Many of these are enzymes or cytoskeletal proteins (ANXA1, KRT10, KRT16, TUBB, ACTB, ACTA1, PKM2, and HSPA8) that have been previously reported as able to induce autoantibodies with diagnostic potential across different tumor types, including PDAC, breast cancer, and neuroblastoma19–21,38. Here, ACTA1 is linked to breast carcinoma.