GDF15 and neoplastic disease or syndrome: The expression of GDF‐15 in humans is low in most organs and increased by injury to different organs, including heart, kidney, liver and lung.74, 75, 76 GDF‐15 regulates inflammatory pathways and participates in several biological processes, including cellular repair and regulation of apoptosis and cell growth, as well as in cardiovascular and neoplastic disorders.74, 77, 78 GDF‐15 is a powerful prognostic marker in patients with heart disease and cancer.79 Recently, a growing number of studies have focused on the association between GDF‐15 and cardiovascular diseases.