TNF and infection: In case of CL, the levels of IL4, IL8, INFγ, and MMP2 in skin biopsies and levels of TNFα, IL10, IL15, IL32γ, TGFβ, sCD26, sCD30, Cortisol, Prolactin, and SOD1 in serum, have been associated with infection and disease susceptibility (Kammoun-rebai et al., 2016; Kip et al., 2015; Carvalho et al., 2017).