VEGFA and inflammatory response: Also, IL-31 alone or in combination with IL4 or IL-13 could elevate the expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) from human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells, which contribute to airway inflammation (Ip et al., 2007).